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This
section addresses making photocopies for classroom use. See the
separate web page for placing photocopies on Course
Reserve. For personal research you should refer to the sections
below for brevity and cumulative effect, and see Research
and Personal Use Guidelines.
You may reproduce works in the public domain without restriction.
Works created before 1923 or published without a copyright notice
from 1923 - 1977 are in the public domain. See also When
Works Pass Into The Public Domain.
In
making photocopies of other materials for classroom instruction
use you should:
- not distribute
the same photocopied material from semester to semester without
obtaining permission.
- not make
copies to create, replace, or substitute for anthologies, compilations,
or collective works without obtaining permission.
- not charge
students for more than the actual cost of the photocopies.
- distribute
only one copy per student.
- include
a copyright notice ("Material may be covered by copyright")
on the first page.
- only replace
purchased copies of sheet music for an imminent performance, provided
purchased replacement copies shall be substituted in due course.
- follow the
guidelines for brevity, cumulative effect, and spontaneity.
Brevity
means your copies should not constitute a substantial portion of the
total work. Acceptable examples include:
- a chapter
from a book.
- an essay,
poem, or story from a collected work.
- an article,
essay, poem, or story from a periodical or newspaper.
- a cartoon,
chart, diagram, drawing, graph, or picture from a book,
newspaper, or periodical.
- excerpt
of sheet music if they do not constitute a performable unit and
do not exceed 10% of the work.
Cumulative effect
means copies should not have a detrimental effect on the market. You
should avoid:
- copying an
item for more than one course in the school.
- copying more
than one work from the same author.
- making more
than three copies from the same collective work or periodical
volume during one class term.
- making multiple
copies of more than nine resources for one course during one class
term. This limitation does not apply to copies of news periodicals,
newspapers, and current news sections of other periodicals.
Spontaneity
means you lack
adequate time between the decision to use a work and the time needed
to gain permission for its scheduled use. Re-using material
cannot be considered spontaneous.
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